Scholarship

What comes to mind when you hear “Ainu scholarship”?

Have you read any first-hand narratives from Ainu people, or have you experienced challenges finding literature that talks about the everyday life of the Ainu? Unfortunately, most literature about the Ainu lacks the voices and perspectives of the Ainu people.  AinuToday can provide you with relevant literature and information about the everyday life of the Ainu, written by Ainu people and scholars themselves.

Who are the Ainu people?

The Ainu are a Northern people of Japan, and were officially recognized as Indigenous people by the Japanese government in 2008. Ainu means human being in the Ainu language. The Ainu have traditionally lived in the geographic area of the Kurile Islands, southern Sakhalin, Hokkaido and part of Honshu (the largest island within the Japanese archipelago). Ainu traditional livelihood was based on hunting, fishing, and foraging wild plants and herbs. These activities still remain, to some extent, part of the contemporary livelihood of the Ainu. Such cultural practices and traditional knowledge offer a new opportunity for us to understand nature and our way of living. The Ainu share a similar history with many other Indigenous peoples around the world who have once lost their cultures and languages under assimilation policies set by colonial governments.

Within academia, Siddle (1996) describes how the Japanese academic landscape took shape under the influence of discourses on “race” and  Social Darwinism. This resulted in the Ainu becoming a fascinating research “object” in Japan.

Now, Ainu contemporary life is deeply intertwined with Japanese society, with people of Ainu descent enrolling in the Japanese education system and speaking Japanese as their mother tongue. There is no ethnic-based national census in Japan, and therefore, the Ainu population in Japan remains uncertain. However, Ainu political movements and Ainu Studies continue evolving to shape a new ground to position Ainu voices within the framework of public and academic discourse.

Book Announcement

We are thrilled to announce a new publication by Bijutsu Techō, one of the oldest Art Journals in Japan. For the first time, it features a diverse range of Indigenous artists from around the world, including Ainu and Sami artists. Dr. Kanako Uzawa had the honor of contributing two columns to the publication. The first one is about Ainu art and her collaborative work with the University of Michigan Museum of Art. The second column is dedicated to her mentor, the wonderful artist Ande Somby.

Bijutsu Techō: Contemporary Indigenous Art

Class Announcement

Introduction to Ainu and Indigenous Studies II: Ainu Cultural Heritage and Cultural Landscape (1)/(2)

SDGs Seminar: International Colearning PBL for Problem Solving (Object Theater) 

Resources

Editor’s Note: Sources in bold and underlined typeface are Aynupuri. While the term Aynupuri is traditionally explained and understood among Ainu as an act of doing or practicing Ainu traditional ways, we use the term Aynupuri to denote Ainu ways of being or doing. In other words, we view Aynupuri as referring to indigeneity, and connoting self-determination and the ability to decide how one wishes to express one’s being and experiences without external interference. This understanding of Aynupuri allows Ainu people living throughout Japan or overseas—to free themselves from essentialized representations of what it means to be Ainu.

先住民族の権利に関する文献

  1. 上村英明(1987)『北の海の交易者たち――アイヌ民族の社会経済史』同文館
  2. 上村英明(1992)『先住民族――「コロンブス」と闘う人びとの歴史と現在』解放出版社
  3. 藤岡美恵子・中野憲志編、上村英明(監修)(2004)『グローバル時代の先住民族――「先住民族の一〇年」とは何だったのか』法律文化社
  4. 上村英明(2008) 「『先住民族の権利に関する国連宣言』獲得への長い道のり」『PRIME』第27号
  5. 上村英明(2008) 『アイヌ民族の視点からみた「先住民族の権利に関する国際連合宣言」の解説と利用法』市民外交センター
  6. 上村英明・木村真希子・塩原良和編著(2013)『市民の外交――先住民族と歩んだ30年』法政大学出版局　
  7. 上村英明(2015)『新・先住民族の「近代史」』法律文化社
  8. 植木哲也(2008)『学問の暴力――アイヌ墓地はなぜあばかれたか』春風社
  9. 市川守弘(2019)『アイヌの法的地位と国の不正義――遺骨返還問題と＜アメリカンインディアン法＞から考える＜アイヌ先住権＞』寿郎社
  10. 先住民族の10年ニュース　バックナンバー
  11. 貝澤耕一・丸山博・松名隆・奥野恒久(2011)『アイヌ民族の復権――先住民族と築く新たな社会』法律文化社
  12. （財）アジア・太平洋人権情報センター(1997)『国連人権システムの変動――アジア・太平洋へのインパクト』現代人文社
  13. 小野 有五（2022）『「新しいアイヌ学」のすすめ−−知里幸恵の夢をもとめて』藤原書店 

先住民族の権利宣言、法律に関する文献

  1. 先住民族の権利宣言研究グループ編/著(2004)『先住民族の権利宣言――国連案の内容と争点』ウハノッカの会
  2. 小坂田裕子(2017)『先住民族と国際法――剥奪の歴史から権利の承認へ』信山社
  3. 渡部茂己(2009)『国際人権法』国院書院
  4. テッサ・モーリス＝スズキ(Tessa Morris-Suzuki)（2020）『アイヌの権利とは何か：新法・象徴空間・東京五輪と先住民族』かわがわ出版

アイヌ文化、歴史、食、生活様式関連文献

  1. アイヌ民族博物館（監修）（1993）『アイヌ文化の基礎知識』草風館
  2. 石原真衣編著（2021）『アイヌからみた北海道150年』北海道大学出版会
  3. 大野徹人（2017）『アポイのふもとから――アイヌ民族の文化と歴史へのいざない』アポイ岳ファンクラブ
  4. 植木哲也（2015）『植民学の記憶――アイヌ差別と学問の責任』緑風出版
  5. 小熊英二（1998）『日本人の境界――沖縄・アイヌ・台湾・朝鮮植民地支配から復帰運動まで』新曜社
  6. 小熊英二（1995）『単一民族神話の起源――日本人の自画像の系譜』新曜社
  7. 北原次郎太（監修）（2014）『アイヌの世界を旅する』太陽の地図帖　
  8. 関口明・田端宏・桑原真人・滝澤正（2015）『アイヌ民族の歴史』山川出版社
  9. 瀬川拓郎（1994）『アイヌの世界』講談社選書メチエ
  10. 計良智子（1995）『フチの伝えるこころ――アイヌの女の四季』寿郎社
  11. 田端宏・桑原信人（監修）（2000）『アイヌ民族の歴史と文化――教育指導の手引』山川出版社
  12. 北海道大学アイヌ・先住民研究センター編（2010）『アイヌ研究の現在と未来』北海道大学出版会
  13. リチャード・シドル（著）、マーク・ウィンチェスター（翻訳）（2021）『アイヌ通史：「蝦夷」から先住民族へ』岩波書店
  14. 合田 一道（2021）『「アイヌ新聞」記者 高橋真−−反骨孤高の新聞人』藤原書店

自伝、エッセイ関連文献

  1. 石原 真衣（2020）『〈沈黙〉の自伝的民族誌　(オートエスノグラフィー) サイレント・アイヌの痛みと救済の物語』北海道大学出版会
  2. 宇梶 静江（2011）『すべてを明日の糧として』清流出版
  3. 宇梶 静江（2020）『大地よ! ––アイヌの母神、宇梶静江自伝』藤原書店
  4. 宇梶 静江（2022）『アイヌ力よ！––次世代へのメッセージ』藤原書店
  5. 宇梶 静江・鮫島 純子 （2022）『奇跡の対話––渋沢栄一の孫とアイヌの母神』藤原書店
  6. 萱野茂（2021）『完本アイヌの碑』朝日文庫
  7. 佐々木昌雄（2008）『幻視するアイヌ』草風館
  8. Atuy (2002)『アト゜イ・俺は魂をデザインする』北海道新聞社

アイヌ口承文芸関連文献

  1. 久保寺逸彦編著（1977）『アイヌ叙事詩神謡・聖伝の研究』岩波書店
  2. 知里真志保（1978）『アイヌ神謡集』岩波書店
  3. 知里真志保（1981）『アイヌ民潭集』岩波書店
  4. 萱野茂（2005）『新訂復刻ウウェぺケㇾ集大成』在団法人日本伝統文化新興財団
  5. 萱野茂（1998）『萱野茂のアイヌ神話修成』在団法人日本伝統文化新興財団
  6. 萱野茂（2020）『アイヌと神々の謡』山と渓谷社

アイヌ語学習関連文献

  1. 中川裕（2021）『ニューエクスプレス　プラス　アイヌ語』白水社
  2. 中川裕（2014）『カムイユカㇻを聞いてアイヌ語を学ぶ』白水社
  3. 佐藤知己（2008）『アイヌ語文法の基礎』大学書林

芸術関連文献

  1. 宇井眞紀子（2001）『アイヌときどき日本人』写真集　社会評論社
  2. 貝澤徹（2020）「「伝統」と「アート」の葛藤と融合」『問いかけるアイヌ ・アート』（What Ainu Art Asks from Us)岩波書店

関東アイヌ関連文献

  1. 関東ウタリ会編（1997）『アイヌからの呼びかけ』関東ウタリ会
  2. 小笠原信之（1990）『しょっぱい河――東京に生きるアイヌたち』記録社
  3. 関口由彦（2007）『首都圏に生きるアイヌ民族――「対話の地平から」』草風館
  4. レラの会（1997）『レラ・チセへの道――こうして東京にアイヌ料理ができた』現代企画室

その他

  1. 札幌大学ウレシパクラブ（2013）『ウレシパ　オルシペ――アイヌ文化で育てあう日々』一般社団法人　札幌大学ウレシパクラブ

Abe, Chisato. 2018. “Establishment of the Ainu Indigenous People’s Film Society.” In Indigenous Efflorescence: Beyond Revitalization in Sapmi and Ainu Mosir, edited by Gerald Roche, Hiroshi Maruyama, and Åsa Virdi Kroik, 99-102. Acton: ANU Press. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22459/IE.2018

Ishihara, Mai. 2018. “Chinmoku wo tou: ‘sairento Ainu’ toiu mou hitotsu no senjūmin mondai (Calling into Silence: “Silent Ainu” as Another Issue of the Current Indigenous Situation).” Journal of the Center for Northern Humanities 11: 3–21. Accessed 10 June 2019. https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/70071/1/11_02_ishihara.pdf (Japanese)

Kaizawa, Koichi. 2004. “Inheriting Ainu Ethnicity,” Senri Ethnological Studies 66: 7-9. Accessed May 26, 2021. https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/index.php?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=2691&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=21

Loos, Noel and Takeshi Osanai (eds.). 1993. Indigenous Minorities and Education: Australian and Japanese Perspectives of their Indigenous Peoples, the Ainu, Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. Tokyo: Sanyūsha Publishing Co. Ltd., 1993. Accessed July 1, 2021: https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/285040

Maruyama, Masazumi. 2003. “The Ainu: A Discourse on being Japanese.” In The Emerging Monoculture: Assimilation and the ‘Model Minority’, edited by Eric Mark Kramer, 85-109. London: Praeger. Accessed July 1, 2021. https://publisher.abc-clio.com/9780313059537

Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 2000. “Roads to Otherness: Ainu and Identity Politics in Twentieth Century Japan.” In Papers of the 10th Biennial Conference of the Japanese Studies Association of Australia: Japanese Studies: Communities, Cultures Critiques. Volume One: Re-Mapping Japan, edited by Vera Mackie, Alina Skoutarides and Alison Tokita, 35-59. Clayton: Monash Asia Institute. Accessed July 1, 2021. https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/105445

Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 2001. “Northern Lights: The Making and Unmaking of Karafuto Identity.” Journal of Asian Studies 60(3): 645-671.

Peng, Fred. 1978. “Education: An Agent of Social Change in Ainu Community Life.” In Learning to be Japanese: Selected Readings on Japanese Society and Education, edited by Edward R. Beauchamp, 265-288. Hamden: Linnet Books. Accessed July 1, 2021. https://www.worldcat.org/title/learning-to-be-japanese-selected-readings-on-japanese-society-and-education/oclc/3481590

Sasaki, Masao. 1973. “Henshūkōki [編集後記; Editor’s Postscript].” Anutari Ainu 1:8. (Japanese).

Sunazawa, Kayo. 2014. “As a Child of Ainu,” foreword by ann-elise lewallen. In Beyond Ainu Studies: Changing Academic and Public Perspectives, edited by Mark Hudson, ann-elise lewallen and Mark K. Watson, 92-98. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824839185

Tahara, Ryoko. 2018. “Ainu Women in the Past and Now,” translated by Hiroshi Maruyama. In Indigenous Efflorescence: Beyond Revitalization in Sapmi and Ainu Mosir, edited by Gerald Roche, Hiroshi Maruyama, and Åsa Virdi Kroik, 151-156. Acton: ANU Press. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22459/IE.2018

Ukaji, Shizue. 2018. “A Quest for What We Ainu Are,” translated by Hiroshi Maruyama. In Indigenous Efflorescence: Beyond Revitalization in Sapmi and Ainu Mosir, edited by Gerald Roche, Hiroshi Maruyama, and Åsa Virdi Kroik, 169-173. Acton: ANU Press. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22459/IE.2018

Uzawa, Kanako. 2018. “Everyday Acts of Resurgence and Diasporic Indigeneity among the Ainu of Tokyo.” In Indigenous Efflorescence: Beyond Revitalization in Sapmi and Ainu Mosir, edited by Gerald Roche, Hiroshi Maruyama, and Åsa Virdi Kroik, 179-203. Acton: ANU Press. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22459/IE.2018

Uzawa, Kanako. 2019a. “What Does Ainu Cultural Revitalization Mean to Ainu and Wajin Youth in the 21st Century? Case Study of Urespa as a Place to Learn Ainu culture in the City of Sapporo, Japan.” AlterNative 15(2): 168-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1177180119846665

Uzawa, Kanako. 2019b. “Being Ainu Today: Living in the Past, Present, and Future.” Kyoto Journal 98: 62–65

Uzawa, Kanako and Mark K. Watson. 2020a. “Urespa (“Growing Together”): The Remaking of Ainu-Wajin Relations in Japan through an Innovative Social Venture.” Asian Anthropology 19(1): 53-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1683478X.2019.1699599

Uzawa, Kanako. 2020b. “‘Crafting our Future Together’: Urban Diasporic Indigeneity from an Ainu Perspective in Japan.” Ph.D. diss., The Arctic University of Norway (UiT). DOI: https://hdl.handle.net/10037/17182

Uzawa, Kanako. 2023. “Hidden Stories of Ainu in Tokyo.” In Urban Indigeneities: Being Indigenous in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Dana Brablec and Andrew Canessa. Tucson: The Univeristy of Arizona Press.

Watson, Mark K. 2010. “Diasporic Indigeneity: Place and the Articulation of Ainu Identity in Tokyo, Japan.” Environment and Planning A 42: 268-284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fa41112

Watson, Mark K. 2014a. “Tokyo Ainu and the Urban Indigenous Experience.” In Beyond Ainu Studies: Changing Academic and Public Perspectives, edited by Hudson, Mark J., ann-elise lewallen, and Mark K. Watson, 69-85. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

Watson, Mark K. 2014b. Japan’s Ainu Minority in Tokyo: Diasporic Indigeneity and Urban Politics. New York: Routledge.

Antiga Edizioni (publishing house). 2018. Contemporary Japanese Artists: Ainu. Grafiche Antiga Spa, Italy: Imago Mundi Luciano Benetton Collection. Accessed May 18, 2021. http://imagomundiart.com/collections/ainu-contemporary-japanese-artists (English, Japanese, and Italian)

Committee to Organize “Exhibition of AINU Pictures to Promote Human Rights” (creator). 1991. Exhibition of Ainu Pictures to Promote Human Rights. Sapporo: Hashimoto Printing Co. (Japanese, some English)

Dubreuil, Chisato (Kitty). 2007. “The Ainu and Their Culture: A Critical Twenty-First Century Assessment.” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 5(11). Article ID 2589. Accessed May 24, 2021. https://apjjf.org/-Chisato-Kitty-Dubreuil/2589/article.html

Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture (FRPAC). 1999. The Seasons and Life of the Ainu: Tokachi Ainu and the Painter Byōzan Hirasawa. Sapporo: The Executive Committee of the Exhibition The Season and Life of the Ainu. Accessed July 1, 2021. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_seasons_and_life_of_the_Ainu.html?id=pUv8GwAACAAJ

Hayashi-Simpliciano, Ronda Shizuko. 2020. “Charanke and Hip Hop: The Argument for Re-storying the Education of Ainu in Diaspora Through Performance Ethnography.” PhD diss., University of Hawai’i. Accessed May 24, 2021. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/70367

Higashimura, Takeshi. 2010. “Eyes of Photographers and Critics of Pictures of the Ainu: Photography Magazines between the 1950s and the Early 70s and Genichiro Kakegawa.” Forum of International Development Studies 39: 19-39. Accessed May 18, 2021. https://www.gsid.nagoya-u.ac.jp/bpub/research/public/forum/39/02.pdf (Japanese)

Ikeda, Hiroshi (photographer). 2019. Ainu. Tokyo: Toppan Printing Co., Ltd. (Japanese and English)

Kayano, Shigeru. 1989. The Ainu: A Story of Japan’s Original People. Translated by Peter Howlett and Richard McNamara. Illustrated by Shunichi Iijima. Boston: Periplus Editions. [Children’s picture book]

Kōji Yūki. 2014 [2004]. “Message from Ainu-Mosir (Poem).” In Beyond Ainu Studies: Changing Academic and Public Perspectives, edited by Hudson, Mark J., ann-elise lewallen, and Mark K. Watson: xi. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824839185

Maesawa, Taka (photographer). 2018. Bridging Life Across the Ainu Generations. Hokkaido: Fujida Printing Company. (Japanese and English)

Sakai, Mina. 2008. “Ainu no hakori [アイヌの誇り; Ainu Pride].” Days Japan 5(2): 10-17. (Japanese)

Sarashina, Genzō (author) and Kakegawa, Gen’ichirō (photographer). 1968. アイヌの四季(Ainu Seasons). Tokyo: Tankōsha. (Japanese)

Shinoda, Mana. 2018 “Living a Modern Life in Hokkaidō as a Young Ainu Dancer,” translated by Hiroshi Maruyama. In Indigenous Efflorescence: Beyond Revitalization in Sapmi and Ainu Mosir, edited by Gerald Roche, Hiroshi Maruyama, and Åsa Virdi Kroik: 163-186. Acton: ANU Press. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22459/IE.2018

Tsuda, Nobuko. 2014a. “Our Ancestors’ Handprints: The Evolution of Ainu Women’s Clothing Culture,” foreword and translated by ann-elise lewallen. In Beyond Ainu Studies: Changing Academic and Public Perspectives, edited by. Mark Hudson, ann-elise lewallen and Mark K. Watson, 153-170. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824839185

Tsuda, Nobuko. 2014b. “Ainu ibunka no kenkyū (アイヌ衣文化の研究; Study on Ainu Clothing Culture.)” Ph.D. diss., Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies). Accessed May 24, 2021. https://ir.soken.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=5035&item_no=1&page_id=29&block_id=155&fbclid=IwAR3V2fhn3wdsG78PrFTvQNtbXQfTnxqwWisvy8A4m05HHBAini2INikf-TE

Tsuda, Nobuko. 2018. “Heading towards the Restoration and Transmission of Ainu Culture,” translated by Hiroshi Maruyama. In Indigenous Efflorescence: Beyond Revitalization in Sapmi and Ainu Mosir, edited by Gerald Roche, Hiroshi Maruyama, and Åsa Virdi Kroik, 157-161. Acton: ANU Press. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22459/IE.2018

Ui, Makiko. (photographer). 2011. アイヌ、風の肖像 (Ainu, Portrait of the Wind). Tokyo: Shinsensha. (Japanese and English)

Uzawa, Kanako. 2014. “Charanke,” Beyond Ainu Studies: Changing Academic and Public Perspectives, edited by Mark Hudson, ann-elise lewallen and Mark K. Watson, 87-91. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824839185 

Osami, Gizo. 1996. Uepekere of Chitose: Thirteen Stories from the Land of the Ainu, translated by Yuji Yaguchi, with illustrations by Keizanurou Tejima. Sapporo: Kyobunsha.

Strong, Sarah Mehlhop. 2011. Ainu Spirits Singing: The Living World of Chiri Yukie’s Ainu Shinyoshu. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Biratori Ainu Culture Preservation Group (BACPG), with Taichi Kaizawa, Koichi Kaizawa, Miwako Kaizawa, Hidetomo Iwano, Satomi Ishii, and Harriet Kuhnlein. 2021. “Global Health Case Study: Biratori Town, Ainu, Saru River Region, Japan.” Montreal: McGill University Center for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment. Accessed September 6, 2021. https://www.mcgill.ca/cine/resources/data/ainu

Fukuzawa, Hosanna. 2024. “Creating Racial Subjects: Eugenics, Psychiatry, and the Ainu.” Critical Asian Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2024.2312137 

Keira, Tomoko. 2018. The Spirit of Huci: Four Seasons of an Ainu Woman. Sapporo: Jurousha Co. Ltd.

Kitahara, Jirouta. 2011. “Life and Health Perspectives in Ainu Culture.” Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science, 31(2): 84–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5630/jans.31.2_84 ( Japanese)

The Association of Rera. 1997. Rera Cise e no Michi – Kōshite Tokyo ni Ainu Ryōriten ga Dekita (レラチセへの道：こうして東京にアイヌ調理店が出来た; The Road Towards the Rera Cise: The Making of an Ainu Restaurant in Tokyo). Tokyo: Gendai Kikakushitsu. (Japanese)

Uzawa, Kanako. 2019. “Being Ainu Today: Living in the past, present, and future.” Kyoto Journal 98: 62–65.

Chikap, Mieko. 1989. “Long, Cold Winter: An Ainu Childhood Recalled.” AMPO: Japan-Asia Quarterly Review 20(4): 32-39.

Kayano, Shigeru. 1994. [1980]. Our Land Was a Forest: An Ainu Memoir, translated by Kyoko Selden and Lili Selden. Boulder: Westview Press.

Kayano, Shigeru. 1990. Ainu no ishibumi (アイヌの碑；Ainu Memorial). Tokyo: Asahi shinbun sha. (Japanese)

Anderson, Fred E. and Masami Iwasaki-Goodman. 2001. “Language and Culture Revitalisation in a Hokkaido Ainu Community.” In Studies in Japanese Bilingualism, edited by Mary Goebel Noguchi and Sandra Fotos, 45-67. Clevedon.: Multilingual Matters. Accessed July 1, 2021. https://www.multilingual-matters.com/page/detail/Studies-in-Japanese-Bilingualism/?k=9781853594892

DeChicchis, Joseph. 1995. “The Current State of the Ainu Language.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 16(1-2): 103-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.1995.9994595

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“Ainu Woman Sets a Stage for Understanding” 

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